PERAN ASAM LEMAK OMEGA-3 DALAM MEMODULASI FIBROSIS PADA PENYAKIT PARU INTERSTISIAL: LITERATURE REVIEW

Patricia Andriani¹, Elfina Rachmi², Nurul Ratna Mutu Manikam³, Fariz Nurwidya⁴

1 Program Pendidikan Dokter Spesialis, Departemen Ilmu Gizi, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia

2 Departemen Ilmu Gizi, RSUP Persahabatan, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia

3 Departemen Ilmu Gizi, RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia

4 Divisi Imunologi Respirasi, Departemen Pulmonologi dan Kedokteran Respirasi, RSUP Persahabatan, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia

Korespondensi:

Patricia Andriani, Program Pendidikan Dokter Spesialis, Departemen Ilmu Gizi, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No.6, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
Email: patriandrian@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Pulmonary fibrosis is a pathological condition characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition, resulting in structural lung damage, reduced tissue elasticity, and impaired respiratory function. Although currently available antifibrotic therapies can slow disease progression, their clinical benefits remain limited and are frequently accompanied by adverse effects that may compromise treatment adherence. Consequently, additional strategies are needed to support the control of pulmonary inflammation and fibrotic remodeling. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have attracted increasing attention because of their anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties mediated through bioactive lipid mediators, including resolvins, protectins, and maresins. Evidence from experimental and observational studies suggests that higher omega-3 levels are associated with better preservation of lung function, reduced inflammatory activity, and slower decline in respiratory capacity. In animal models of pulmonary fibrosis, omega-3 supplementation, has been shown to suppress inflammatory responses, decrease collagen accumulation, and attenuate fibrotic progression. In addition, omega-3 fatty acids contribute to maintaining a balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio, modulating gut microbiota through the gut–lung axis, and promoting the generation of mediators involved in inflammation resolution. Despite these promising findings, clinical evidence regarding the role of omega-3 in ILD remains limited. Further studies are required to establish the optimal dosage, duration of supplementation, and therapeutic efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids as an adjunctive approach for the prevention and management of pulmonary fibrosis.

Keywords: pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, omega-3 fatty acids, inflammation