Prevalence and Characteristic of Post-Intensive Care Syndrome Patient in Indonesia: A Multi-Centre Prospective Cohort Study
1,2Peggy Sunarjo, 2Widjajalaksmi Kusumaningsih, 2Luh Karunia Wahyuni, 3Dita Aditianingsih, 4Retno Asti Werdhani, 5Kristiana Siste Kurniasanti, 6Wisnu Ananta Kusuma, 7Siti Chandra Widjanantie, 7Anitta Florence Stans Paulus,8Ernita Akmal,9 Tresia Fransiska Tambunan
1Doctoral Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
2Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
3Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
4Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
5Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
6Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
7Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Persahabatan General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
8Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Persahabatan General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
9Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Universitas Indonesia General Hospital, Depok, Indonesia
Corresponding Author: Peggy Sunarjo; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia—Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia; Email: roswitapeggy@gmail.com.
ABSTRACT
Background: Advances in critical care management have increased survival rates during intensive care unit (ICU) care. However, many survivors experience Post-Intensive Care Syndrome (PICS), a complex of physical, cognitive, and mental health disorders that progress from the ICU and hospital discharge. Still, data on PICS prevalence in Indonesia remain limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of PICS among ICU survivors in tertiary hospitals.
Methods: This cohort study from July 2024 – 2025 across three tertiary teaching hospitals in Indonesia. Adult ICU survivors discharged for at least one month were assessed using the validated Indonesian version of the Post-Intensive Care Syndrome Questionnaire (PICSQ). Patient characteristics were categorized into pre-ICU, durante-ICU, and post-ICU variables. PICS diagnosis was established if impairment was present in at least one domain.
Results: A total of 132 subjects (53.8% male; mean age range 18–70 years) were included. The prevalence of PICS was 30.3%. Mental impairment was the most common (28%), followed by cognitive (19.7%) and physical impairments (16.7%). Combined impairments were also observed: cognitive–physical (6.9%), cognitive–mental (7.5%), physical–mental (10.6%), and all three domains (10.6%). Cardiovascular disease (46.2%) was the most frequent primary ICU diagnosis, and comorbidities were present in 67% of subjects. Early rehabilitation was provided to 62.1% of patients, though it did not significantly improve mental health outcomes. At discharge, 47.8% of subjects were independent, while the remainder showed varying levels of dependency.
Conclusion: Approximately one-third of ICU survivors in Indonesia experienced PICS within one month post-discharge, with mental impairment being the most prevalent domain. These findings highlight the urgent need for systematic post-ICU screening, multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs, and long-term follow-up to improve quality of life after discharge.
Keywords: Post-Intensive Care Syndrome, ICU survivors, prevalence, cognitive impairment, mental health, Indonesia
